What is it?
B12 and folate are B complex
vitamins that are necessary for normal red blood cell formation, tissue and cellular repair, and
DNA synthesis. A B12 and/or folate deficiency reflects a chronic shortage of one or both of these vitamins. Since the body stores 3 to 5 years worth of B12 and several months’ supply of folate in the liver, deficiencies and their associated symptoms can take months to years to manifest in adults. Infants and children will show signs of deficiency more rapidly, however, as they have not yet established extensive reserves.
Over time, a deficiency in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anemia, a condition characterized by the production of fewer, but larger red blood cells and a decreased ability to carry oxygen. Patients who have this condition may tire easily, be weak, and be short of breath. A deficiency in B12 can also result in varying degrees of neuropathy, nerve damage that can cause tingling and numbness in the patient’s hands and feet and mental changes such as confusion, irritability, and depression.
Pregnant women need increased amounts of folate for proper fetal development. If a woman has a folate deficiency prior to pregnancy, it will be intensified during gestation and may lead to premature birth and neural tube birth defects, such as spina bifida, in the child.
Decreased levels of B12 or folate may be seen with chronic disorders such as liver or kidney disease, alcoholism, and with medications such as phenytoin (an anti-seizure medication), metformin (diabetic therapy), or methotrexate (an arthritis treatment).
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