NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

We have included the web address to online sources used in developing and reviewing this article for documentation purposes only. Links included on this Sources page were valid, working links at the time this article was originally prepared, and at each update as indicated here. Please be aware that the source owner may, from time to time, reorganize the source web site, which can result in broken links on our pages. If you wish to access a source and come across a broken link, you may still be able to access it by entering just the parent web address in your browser's address bar (e.g., "www.nih.gov") and then by entering the source title in the site's search feature.

S1
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition]. Pp 382-383.

S2
(2005 March 29, Updated). Facts About Down Syndrome [53 paragraphs]. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/downsyndrome/down.htm

S3
Van Cleve, S. and Cohen, W. (2006 January 27). Part I: Clinical Practice Guidelines With Down Syndrome From Birth to 12 Years. [42 paragraphs]. Medscape, from J Pediatr Health Care. 2006;20(1):47-54 [On-line journal article]. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/521906?src=search

S4
(© 2005).Down Syndrome Facts [15 paragraphs]. National Association for Down Syndrome [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.nads.org/pages/facts.htm

S5
Sondheimer, N., Updated (2005 April 20). Down syndrome [14 paragraphs]. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000997.htm

S6
(2005 September, Reviewed). Down syndrome [7 paragraphs]. Genetics Home Reference [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition%3Ddownsyndrome

S7
Cleary-Goldman, J. and Malone, F. (2005 September 26). Advances in Prenatal Diagnosis [42 paragraphs]. Medscape from Appl Radiol. 2005;34(9):8-18. [On-line journal article]. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/513126?src=search

S8
(2006 January 6). Improved National Prevalence Estimates for 18 Selected Major Birth Defects --- United States, 1999—2001 [12 paragraphs]. MMWR 54(51&52); 1301-1305 [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5451a2.htm

S9
Barclay, L. and Nghlem, H. (2005 November 9). Eleven Weeks May Be the Best Time to Screen for Down’s Syndrome [11 paragraphs]. Medscape Medical News [On-line CME]. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516329?src=search

S10
(2003 February 1, Reviewed). Down Syndrome [6 paragraphs]. Merck Manual Home Edition [On-line information]. Available online

S11
Smith, D. (2001 September 15). Health Care Management of Adults with Down Syndrome [31 paragraphs]. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available FTP: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010915/1031.html

S12
(2004 December, Reviewed). Down Syndrome [25 paragraphs]. March of Dimes Fact Sheet [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1214.asp

S13
(2004 January). Down Syndrome [11 paragraphs]. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs4txt.htm

S14
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (© 2007). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

S15
(2006 August 18, Updated). Facts About Down Syndrome [49 paragraphs]. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [On-line information]. Accessed on 2/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/downsyndrome.cfm

S16
(2007 January 2). New Recommendations for Down Syndrome Call for Screening of All Pregnant Women [6 paragraphs]. [On-line information]. Accessed on 2/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr01-02-07-1.cfm

S17
(2007 February 16, Updated). Down Syndrome [12 paragraphs]. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [On-line information]. Accessed on 2/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/Down_Syndrome.cfm/

S18
(03/2002). Chromosomal Abnormalities [25 paragraphs]. March of Dimes [On-line information]. Accessed on 2/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1209.asp

S19
Van Cleve, S. and Cohen, W. (2006 January 27). Part I: Clinical Practice Guidelines with Down Syndrome from Birth to 12 Years [54 paragraphs]. Medscape from J Pediatr Health Care 2006;20(1):47-54 [On-line Journal]. Accessed on 2/17/07. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/521906

S20
Van Cleve, S., Cannon, S., and Cohen, W. (2006 May 30). Part II: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Adolescents and Adults with Down Syndrome 12-21 Years [36 paragraphs]. Medscape from J Pediatr Health Care 2006;20(3):198-205 [On-line Journal]. Accessed on 2/17/07. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/532190

S21
(2003 February, Revision). Down Syndrome [5 paragraphs]. Merck Manual of Medical Information – Second Home Edition [On-line Journal]. Accessed on 2/17/07. Available FTP: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec23/ch266/ch266b.html

S22
(2004 June). Maternal Blood Screening for Down Syndrome and Neural Tube Defects [30 paragraphs]. March of Dimes [On-line information]. Accessed on 2/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1166.asp

S23
ACOG Practice Bulletin. Obstetrics & Gynecology 109: 217-227 (2007).