1. What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
The most important risk factor for
cervical cancer is infection with
human papilloma virus (HPV). Tests are available to screen for this type of infection and are often performed in conjunction with a Pap smear. Also, a
vaccine is available to help prevent HPV infection. It is given in three doses over a period of six months and is most effective if given before becoming sexually active.
Increased risk is also associated with the age at which sexual intercourse begins (the earlier, the higher the risk), multiple sexual partners, infrequent PAP smears, cigarette smoking, a medical history of DES exposure, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes or HIV.
^ Back to top
2. Does an abnormal Pap smear always mean cancer?
A single “abnormal” Pap smear does not necessarily indicate that cancer is present. The membranes covering the cervix undergo constant changes and repair. While treatment may not be necessary, the situation should be monitored closely. This may require a repeat Pap smear every three to six months until the situation is resolved.
^ Back to top
3. If I have cervical cancer, what are my treatment options?
Cervical cancer is a slow, progressive disease and may take years to advance beyond the cervix. It is because of this fact that regular gynecologic examinations offer the best opportunity to prevent cancer from developing by allowing the detection and removal of pre-cancerous tissue. Regular exams can also detect this type of cancer early if it does develop. Minimally invasive surgery of the cervix (terms your physician may use are LEEP, conization, cold-knife, or cryotherapy), which removes pre-cancerous or very early stage cancer tissue, is the standard treatment.
In more advanced cervical cancers, a hysterectomy may be performed. If the cancer spreads to other tissues (metastasizes), radiation therapy may be required and, in some instances, additional surgery may be needed.
^ Back to top
