NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

We have included the web address to online sources used in developing and reviewing this article for documentation purposes only. Links included on this Sources page are valid, working links at the time they are posted. Please be aware that the source owner may, from time to time, reorganize the source web site, which can result in broken links on our pages. If you wish to access a source and come across a broken link, you may still be able to access it by entering just the parent web address in your browser's address bar (eg, "www.nih.gov") and then by entering the source title in the site's search feature.

National Kidney Foundation. Fact Sheet: Microalbuminuria In Diabetic Kidney Disease. Available online at http://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/fs_new/microalbindbkd.cfm through http://www.kidney.org. Accessed December 2008.

MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Microalbuminuria test. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/article/003591.htm. Accessed December 2008.

US FDA. Diabetes Information, Glucose Meters & Diabetes Management. Available online at http://www.fda.gov/Diabetes/glucose.html#22. Accessed December 2008.

American Diabetes Association. Clinical Practice Recommendations 2008. Diabetes Care. January 2008, Volume 31, Supplement 1. Available online at http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/vol31/Supplement_1/. Accessed December 2008.

Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson G, et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. New England Journal of Medicine. 21 Dec 2006. 355;25:2631-2639.

High Levels Of Urinary Albumin In The Normal Range Predict Hypertension. ScienceDaily (June 25, 2008). Available online at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080625123002.htm through http://www.sciencedaily.com. Accessed December 2008.

Holly Kramer et al. Urine Albumin Excretion and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension. 2005;46:38. Available online at http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/1/38. Accessed December 2008.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

Corbett, JV. Laboratory Tests & Diagnostic Procedures with Nursing Diagnoses, 4th ed. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton & Lang, 1996. Pp. 73-74.

Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

Nuovo, J. (1999 June). Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio for Detection of Microalbuminuria. American Family Physician, Tips from other Journals [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/990600ap/tips.html#31 through http://www.aafp.org.

Fitz, M. (1999 February 2). Spot Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio. Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. [On-line information, Medicine 1]. Available online at http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/meded/MEDICINE/medclerk/renal13.htm through http://www.meddean.luc.edu.

Ehrmeyer, S. (2003 January). Using a creatinine ratio in urinalysis to improve the reliability of protein and albumin results. Medical Laboratory Observer, Features 35 (1) [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/mlo0103cliniss.htm through http://www.mlo-online.com.

Loghman-Adham, M. (1998 October 1). Evaluating Proteinuria in Children. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/981001ap/loghman.html through http://www.aafp.org.

Virtual Hospital: University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, 3rd Edition: Hematologic, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Disorders: Bibliography. Available online at http://www.vh.org/Providers/ClinRef/FPHandbook/Chapter05/Bibliography05.html through http://www.vh.org

ARUP Laboratory Guidebook. Available online at http://www.arpulab.com/guides/clt/ through http://www.arpulab.com. (Click on “microalbumin, urine”)

American Diabetes Association: Community and Resources. Available online at http://www.diabetes.org.