NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

We have included the web address to online sources used in developing and reviewing this article for documentation purposes only. Links included on this Sources page are valid, working links at the time they are posted. Please be aware that the source owner may, from time to time, reorganize the source web site, which can result in broken links on our pages. If you wish to access a source and come across a broken link, you may still be able to access it by entering just the parent web address in your browser's address bar (eg, "www.nih.gov") and then by entering the source title in the site's search feature.

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (© 2007). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 602-605.

Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry, AACC Press, Washington, DC. 253-258.

Mudd, J. et. al. (2007 October 29). Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol -- Defining the Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Heterogeneity in Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50(18):1735-1741. Available online through http://www.medscape.com/. Accessed on 3/8/08.

Navab, M. et. al. (2006 October 20). Mechanisms of Disease: Proatherogenic HDL-An Evolving Field. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2(9):504-511. Available online through http://www.medscape.com/. Accessed on 3/8/08.

CCMDweb.org. Clinical Insights. Available online through: http://www.ccmdweb.org/clinicalinsights. Accessed May 2008.

The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines, Emerging Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke, Draft Guidelines, Version 0906, summary. PDF available for download. Accessed May 2008.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

Landray, M. et. al (2002 January 2). Abnormal low-density lipoprotein subfraction profile in patients with untreated hypertension. Association of Physicians Q J Med 2002; 95: 165-171. Available online at http://qjmed.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/3/165 through http://qjmed.oupjournals.org

Bioletto, S. et. al. (2000 February). Acute hyperinsulinemia and very-low-density and low-density lipoprotein subfractions in obese subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 71, No. 2, 443-449. Available online at http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/2/443 through http://www.ajcn.org

(Winter 2004). The Fats of Life, 7 Articles. Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division, AACC, Volume XVIII, Vol 1. PDF available for download at http://www.aacc.org/divisions/lipids/winter04.pdf through http://www.aacc.org

(2002). LDL Subfractions. Specialty Laboratories [On-line test information]. PDF available for download at http://laboratory.specialtylabs.com/education/download_PDF/TN_LDLsub.pdf.

(2004). LDL Subclasses. ARUP’s Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing. Available online at http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a34b.jsp through http://www.arup-lab.com

Warnick, G. and Cheung, M. (2000). Measurement and Clinical Significance of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Subclasses. Chapter 15 (Handbook of Lipoprotein of Lipoprotein Testing, AACC Press). Available online at http://www.warnick.biz/dextransulfate/Chapter15.htm through http://www.warnick.biz

Muniz, N., et. al. (2000). A New Tool for the Automated Analysis of LDL Subfraction Patterns Generated by the Lipoprint™ LDL System. Paper presented at The Frontiers in Lipoprotein and Vascular Disease, St Louis, MO. PDF available for download at http://www.4qc.com/pdf/frontiers.pdf.