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Lead

Article Sources

NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

We have included the web address to online sources used in developing and reviewing this article for documentation purposes only. Links included on this Sources page are valid, working links at the time they are posted. Please be aware that the source owner may, from time to time, reorganize the source web site, which can result in broken links on our pages. If you wish to access a source and come across a broken link, you may still be able to access it by entering just the parent web address in your browser's address bar (eg, "www.nih.gov") and then by entering the source title in the site's search feature.

S1
National Center for Environmental Health, “Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning,” 1997. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/guide/guide97.htm

S2
California Department of Health Services, Occupational Health Branch. “How to Prevent Lead Poisoning on Your Job", 2000. pp. 9,10,23.

S3
Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Kosnett MJ, Rogge JW, Cone JE. Medical surveillance of the lead exposed worker. AAOHN Journal 46(7):330-339.

S4
Todd AC, et al. “Unraveling the chronic toxicity of lead: An essential priority for environmental health". Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(Supp 1):141-146; March 1996.

S5
A Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests (sixth edition), Frances Fischbach, editor. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams& Wilkins, 2000; pp. 398-400; 1179-1180.

S6
General Industry Federal OSHA Lead Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1025

S7
Residential Lead Hazard Standards - TSCA Section 403 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/lead/leadhaz.htm

S8
Blood Lead Levels in Young Children — United States and Selected States, 1996-1999 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR December 22, 2000 / 49(50);1133-7.

S9
Management Guidelines for Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adults. California Department of Health Services. Available online: http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ohb/OLPPP/mgmtgdln.htm

S10
Michael E. Ottlinger, PhD. Senior Toxicologist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH

S11
Mitchell G. Scott, PhD. Division of Laboratory Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO

S12
Raymond K. Meister, MD, MPH. Occupational health physician

S13
Thomas P. Moyer, PhD. Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry & Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

S14
(2005 October 1). Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management. American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 4 October 2005, pp. 1036-1046.

S15
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

S16
(2005 June 23, Reviewed) Lead Health Effects [3 paragraphs]. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/recognition.html

S17
(2005 July, Updated). Lead Poisoning in Children [11 paragraphs]. Familydoctor.org [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://familydoctor.org/617.xml

S18
(2005 September, Revised). Management Guidelines for Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adults [10 paragraphs]. California Department of Health Services [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/OLPPP/mgmtgdln.pdf

S19
Hipkins, K. et. al. (2004 November/December). Family Lead Poisoning Associated with Occupational Exposure [17 paragraphs]. Clin Pediatr 2004;43:845-849. Available FTP: http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/OLPPP/family_lead_poisoning.pdf

S20
(2005 May 25, Reviewed). CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children [ 17 paragraphs]. CDC National Center for Environmental Health [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/Refugee%20recs.htm

S21
(2005 September). ToxFAQs™ for Lead [17 Paragraphs]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html

S22
(2005 September). Public Health Statement, from Toxicological Profile for Lead, Draft for Public Comment [55 paragraphs of 632 pages]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [[On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html

S23
(2006 January 13, Reviewed). General Lead Information, Questions and Answers [19 paragraphs]. CDC, National Center for Environmental Health [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/faq/about.htm

S24
(2002 March). Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children: Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention [27 paragraphs]. CDC [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/CaseManagement/caseManage_main.htm

S25
(2003 September 12). Surveillance for Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children --- United States, 1997—2001 [45 paragraphs]. CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5210a1.htm

S26
(2004 July 9). Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance --- United States, 2002 [8 paragraphs]. CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available FTP: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5326a2.htm

S27
SN Tsekrekos, I Buka. Paediatr Child Health Vol 10, No 4. April 2005

S28
Dr. Irena Buka MB, ChB, FRCPC. Pediatric Environmental Health Clinic. Edmonton, Alta. Canada

S29
Harold E. Hoffman, MD, FRCPC, FACOEM. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

S30
Kathy Leinenkugel, CLS. Lead Program Coordinator, Douglas County Health Department. Omaha, NE.

S31
Thomas P. Moyer, Ph.D. Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo College of Medicine. Vice Chair for Diagnostic Development, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology. Co-Director for Medical Affairs, Mayo Collaborative Services, Inc. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN



This article was last reviewed on March 29, 2006.


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