Copper

Also known as: Cu; 24-hour urine copper; Total copper; Non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper; Free copper; Hepatic copper

Formal name: Copper (24-hour urine, total and free blood, and hepatic)

Related tests: Ceruloplasmin; Heavy Metals

Article Sources

NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

S1
Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry, AACC Press, Washington, DC. Bankson, D. Chapter 35, Vitamins and Trace Elements: Assessment of Micronutrient Status through Laboratory Testing. Pp. 399 410.

S2
Wu, A. (2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Fourth Edition. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri. Pp. 292-295.

S3
Alexander, D. (2006 March 2, Updated). 24-hour urine Copper/Cu [11 paragraphs]. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/21/07. Available FTP: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003604.htm

S4
McGee, W. (2007 March 2, Updated). Copper in diet [10 paragraphs]. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002419.htm

S5
Perez, E. (2006 October 23, Updated). Copper poisoning [12 paragraphs]. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002496.htm

S6
(2004). Copper [23 paragraphs]. ATSDR Division of Toxicology ToxFAQs [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts132.html

S7
(2007 February 13, Updated). Menkes Disease Information Page [4 paragraphs]. NINDS [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/menkes/menkes.htm

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(2007 February 14). Zellweger Syndrome Information Page [4 paragraphs]. NINDS [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/25/07. Available FTP: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/zellweger/zellweger.htm

S9
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition]. Pp. 441.

S10
Copper [11 paragraphs]. Merck Manual of Medical Information Second Home Edition [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/17/07. Available FTP: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec12/ch155/ch155c.html

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Das, S. and Ray, K. (2006 October 13). Wilsons Disease: An Update [44 paragraphs]. Medscape from Nature Clinical Practice Neurology [On-line information]. Accessed on: 7/27/07. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/543866

S12
Turnlund, J. (2007 July, Reviewed). Copper [32 paragraphs]. Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Research for Optimum Health, Micronutrient Information Center, Oregon State University [On-line information]. Accessed on: 9/16/07. Available FTP: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/copper/

S13
(2006 August 1). Copper [48 paragraphs]. MedlinePlus Health Information, Herbs and Supplements [On-line information]. Accessed on: 9/16/07. Available FTP: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-copper.html

S14
Barnes, N. et. al. (2005). The copper-transporting ATPases, menkes and wilson disease proteins, have distinct roles in adult and developing cerebellum. [1 paragraph]. Medscape from J Biol Chem. 2005; 280(10): 9640-5 (ISSN: 0021-9258) [On-line abstract]. Accessed on: 9/16/07. Available FTP: http://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15634671?src=emed_ckb_ref_0

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Shim, H. and Harris, Z. L. (2003 May). Supplement: 11th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals, Genetic Defects in Copper Metabolism [14 paragraphs]. J. Nutr. 133: 1527S-1531S [On-line journal article]. Accessed on: 9/16/07. Available FTP: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/5/1527S