NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

We have included the web address to online sources used in developing and reviewing this article for documentation purposes only. Links included on this Sources page are valid, working links at the time they are posted. Please be aware that the source owner may, from time to time, reorganize the source web site, which can result in broken links on our pages. If you wish to access a source and come across a broken link, you may still be able to access it by entering just the parent web address in your browser's address bar (eg, "www.nih.gov") and then by entering the source title in the site's search feature.

S2
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

S3
(2001 June 26). Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome [22 paragraphs]. Hematology Resource Page, Patient Resources University of Illinois - Urbana/Champaign, Carle Cancer Center [On-line information]. Available online: http://www-admin.med.uiuc.edu/hematology/PtAPS.htm

S4
(© 2004). Antiphospholipid Testing [12 paragraphs]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available online: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_al67.jsp#3965115

S5
(© 2004). Beta-2 Glycoprotein, Antibody [4 paragraphs]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available online: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_al95.jsp#1145254

S6
(© 2004). Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgG and IgM [2 paragraphs]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available online: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a133.jsp#1059158

S7
Lupus Anticoagulant Panel with Reflex to 1:1 Mixes and Confirmations [11]. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available online: http://www.arup-lab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a52b.jsp#1141319

S8
Zepf, B. (2002 June 1). A Discussion of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. American Family Physician, Tips from other Journals, [From Levine JS, et al. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med March 7, 2002;346:752-63] [On-line journal]. Available online: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020601/tips/11.html

S9
Petri, M. (2001) Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Anticardiolipin Antibodies and the Lupus Anticoagulant in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. The Lupus Foundation of America [On-line information]. Available online: http://www.lupus.org/education/brochures/antiphos02.html

S10
Solenski, N. (2004 April 1). Transient Ischemic Attacks: Part I. Diagnosis and Evaluation. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040401/1665.html

S11
The Thrombophilias and Pregnancy. March of Dimes, Professionals and Researchers, Quick References and Fact Sheets [On-line information]. Available online: http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_9264.asp

S12
(2001). Antiphospholipid Antibody. Massachusetts General Hospital, Laboratory Medicine, Coag Test Handbood Index [On-line information From: Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327-358.]. Available online: http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/labmed/lab/coag/handbook/CO003100.htm

S13
De Moerloose P Antiphospholipid antibodies: do we still need to perform anticardiolipin assays? J Thromb haemost 2004; 2:1071-1073 and Nash MJ et al.

S14
The anticardiolipin assay is required for sensitive screening for antiphospholipid antibodies. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2004; 2:1077-1081.

S15
Brandt J et al. Criteria fort the diagnosis of Lupus anticoagulants: an update on behalf of the subcommittee on Lupus Antiocoagulant/Antiphospholipids Antibody of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the ISTH. Thromb. Haemost. 1995:74:1185-1190